According to the National Institute of Mental Health, nearly a third of U.S. adults have experienced at least one form of anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. What is more, anxiety in the United States is on the rise with drastic upticks being recorded even in the years leading up to the pandemic. And, yet, while psychological measurements and diagnostic manuals can help us to identify and treat those suffering from anxiety, they fall well short of explaining it. Indeed, in spite of anxiety’s near-ubiquity—Who hasn’t felt anxious at one time or another?—the concept of anxiety remains opaque.
Why this is the case may have something to do with the fact that anxiety is incredibly commonplace. We tend not to recognize, let alone understand, the things we experience most. More than that, however, is the fact that the cause of one’s anxiety is often elusive. Anxiety has a knack for striking when things are going well. In the midst of struggle and chaos, it is noticeably absent. But when the calamity subsides and the tension is resolved, only then does it rear its menacing head.
This perplexing attribute garnered the attention of the 19th-century existential philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who devoted multiple works to unpacking anxiety, both theoretically and experientially. For Kierkegaard, anxiety is intimately linked with self-reflection—our awareness that we exist as individuals and our ability to critically examine ourselves. Human beings, he says, possess a capacity that appears to be absent in other living creatures. We are self-conscious. Our psyches are not simply directed outward at the world around us. We can pause and reflect upon our behavior. We can evaluate ourselves.
This faculty of self-examination has rightly been lauded throughout the history of human thought. According to Plato, “the unexamined life is not worth living,” and part of our job as therapists is to help bring to consciousness past experiences that remain repressed and thus hidden from our patients’ conscious lives. Yet, for Kierkegaard, the benefits of self-reflection do not come without their drawbacks. To be self-aware, he says, is to be responsible, to recognize oneself as being implicated in the lives—and, thus, the suffering—of others. When we reflect upon ourselves, we often notice the ways we have failed to live up to that responsibility, the times we have shirked or even simply neglected it.
Such responsibility, Kierkegaard says, comes from the fact that, as self-conscious beings, we recognize the freedom we have to choose between various possibilities. “A tree among trees, a cat among animals,” to use Camus’ famous formulation, never reflects upon the fact that it could have acted otherwise. It does not look back and regret its choices. What is more, such beings do not anticipate an unrealized future and see the myriad possibilities that lay ahead of them.
Human beings, on the other hand, do. For us, anxiety is about what we have done (or failed to do) and what we might do (or fail to do). It is an anxiety about the fact that, as free beings, we live with an infinite number of possibilities before us and an infinite number of unrealized possibilities already behind us. While our lives are made up of the moments we actually experience, our psyches are racked by possibilities that have never or will never occur.
This way of always “being ahead of” ourselves, as the German phenomenologist Martin Heidegger calls it, leads to another anxiety-inducing realization: We are going to die. Heidegger, who was profoundly influenced by Kierkegaard, attributes our feelings of perpetual angst to the fact that we recognize, at least implicitly, that of the various possibilities that stand before us, only one is certain to become an actuality. Human beings live, he says, as “beings-toward-death.” What he means by this is that our lives are shaped by our awareness of (and anxiety over) our ultimate fate. And the more clearly we perceive that fate, the more anxious we become.
Herein lies the trouble with self-reflection. The reason that anxiety does not arise during times of immense struggle is because, when dealing with difficulties, one is consumed with the problem at hand. Turmoil robs one of the leisure needed to take a step back and think about life. It forces one to exist unconsciously—that is, unreflectively—and because of one's inattention, to embody a kind of ignorance that for Kierkegaard approximates innocence.
Such innocence, however, is not the solution to anxiety. Far from it. For not only is it the innocence of one who—like a deer blinking at headlights—doesn't recognize the peril of his situation, but it is also an innocence that cannot be maintained. Sooner or later, one will be forced to confront the anxiety inherent in the human condition. Therefore, it is imperative that one not run from it.
According to Kierkegaard, the way beyond anxiety is paradoxically through anxiety. Self-examination may give rise to angst, but so, too, does it offer a pathway forward. It enables us to reflect upon the choices we’ve made and envision the possibility of change. So long as we remain unaware of the fact that we exist as free beings, such a possibility is foreclosed to us. But, for Kierkegaard, faith means seeing the impossible become possible, seeing one’s anxiety transformed into the means by which one can rest in oneself and (who knows?) perhaps even feel moments of acceptance and authentic joy.
References
Camus, A. (1991). The Myth of Sisyphus, and Other Essays. Trans. Justin O’Brien. New York, NY. Vintage Books.
Goodwin RD, et al. (2020). “Trends in anxiety among adults in the United States, 2008–2018: Rapid increases among young adults.” Journal of Psychiatric Research. vol 130, pp. 441–446.
Heidegger, M. (2010). Being and Time: A Revised Edition of the Stambaugh Translation. State University of New York Press.
Kierkegaard, S. (1980). The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin. Trans. Thomte & Anderson. Princeton University Press.
Kierkegaard, S. (1983). The Sickness Unto Death: A Christian Psychological Exposition for Upbuilding and Awakening. Trans. Hong & Hong. Princeton University Press.
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