Recently, researchers at several institutions including the University of Northern Illinois surveyed experienced BDSM players to determine how bondage, discipline, and sado-masochism sessions affected them. The kinksters showed no negative effects at all. Instead, they reported a pleasantly altered state of consciousness similar to what people experience during other enjoyable activities — a mindset involving reduced stress, a more positive outlook on life, and increased sexual arousal. The researchers concluded that far from threatening mental health, BDSM actually contributes to it.

The new study is just one of many over the past 25 years to show that BDSM players have no psychological problems unique to their kinky play, and are no more likely than the general population to suffer from psychiatric problems:

BDSM players represent a cross-section of the population—the people next door, mentally healthy and typical in every respect, except that they find conventional sex unfulfilling and want something more exciting and intimate.

No one knows when humanity discovered BDSM, but ancient Greek art depicts what looks like it. In 1905, without research that would be considered mandatory today, Sigmund Freud declared that “sado-masochism” signaled severe neurosis. For more than a century, mental-health professionals agreed. The first edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s bible of mental illness, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I, 1952), classified sexual sadism as a “deviation.” The DSM- II (1968) pathologized masochism. And the DSM-IV (1994) listed BDSM as a psychiatric disorder.

But in 2013, based on 21st-century studies, the DSM-V removed BDSM from its list of mental illnesses, calling it just another way for psychologically normal, healthy people to play.

BDSM is not just mentally healthy. It’s popular.

In 2015, Indiana University researchers surveyed a representative sample of 2,021 American adults. Many said they’d tried elements of BDSM: spanking (30 percent), dominant/submissive role-playing (22 percent), restraint (20 percent), and flogging (13 percent).

In 2017, Belgian scientists surveyed 1,027 Belgian adults. Almost half (47 percent) admitted experimenting with BDSM; 13 percent said they played that way regularly; and 8 percent were committed to BDSM sexuality.

Google BDSM and any city, town, or rural area. You’ll find BDSM groups and clubs almost everywhere. BDSM is a minority pleasure, but players are a larger minority than most people guess. One reason: BDSM has a long history of being stigmatized. Many, if not most, kinky folks don’t broadcast their involvement, so their friends may not know. Which contributes to perpetuating the stigma.

Compared with real life, in fantasy, BDSM is even more popular. In the Belgian study just mentioned, 69 percent of participants admitted BDSM fantasies, some quite extreme.

In 2011, a unique window into the popularity of BDSM opened with the publication of Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James. The eventual trilogy of novels followed Christian Grey, a brash young billionaire dominant (dom, top) and Anastasia Steele, his initially naïve lover, as she becomes his submissive (sub, bottom), at first hesitantly, then willingly, and finally enthusiastically. By 2019, Fifty Shades had sold 150 million copies worldwide in 50 languages, the only book to ever to sell that many copies that quickly. The Fifty Shades film series has grossed more than $1 billion. And when the trilogy hit the best-seller list, hardware stores reported an unusual surge in sales of rope.

Fifty Shades got one aspect of BDSM horribly wrong: It depicted Grey as the product of horrendous child abuse and implied that it propelled him into kink. Actually, BDSM players are no more likely than anyone else to have suffered child abuse or sexual trauma.

Otherwise, James depicted BDSM quite realistically:

It's well past time to retire the stigma against BDSM. It's just another normal, psychologically healthy way to enjoy erotic play.

References

Ambler, JK et al. “Consensual BDSM Facilitates Role-Specific Altered States of Consciousness: A Preliminary Study,” Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice (2017) 4:75. Doi: 10.1037/cns0000097.

Botta, D. et al. “Are Role and Gender Related to Sexual Function and Satisfaction in Men and Women Practicing BDSM?” Journal of Sexual Medicine (2019) 16:463.

Connolly, P. “Psychological Functioning of Bondage, Discipline, and Sad-Masochism (BDSM) Practitioners,” Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality [now the International Journal of Sexual Health] (2006) 18:79.

Daleiden, E.L. et al. “The Sexual Histories and Fantasies of Youthful Males: A Comparison of Sexual Offending, Non-Sexual Offending, and Non-Offending Groups,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment (1998) 10:195.

Olivera, W. et al. “Unconventional Sexual Behaviors and their Associations with Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health Parameters: A Study in 18 Large Brazilian Cities,” Revista Brasiliera de Psiquiatria (2010) 32:264.

Pascoal, P.M. et al. “Sexual Satisfaction and Distress in Sexual Functioning in a Sample of the BDSM Community: A Comparison Study Between BDSDM and non-BDSM Contexts,” Journal of Sexual Medicine (2015) 12:1052.

Richters, J. et al. “Demographic and Psychological Features of Participants in Bondage, Discipline, Sado-Masochism, or Dominance and Submission (BDSM): Data from a National Survey,” Journal of Sexual Medicine (2008) 5:1660.

Sagarin, B.J. et al. “Hormonal Changes and Couple Bonding in Consensual Sado-Masochistic Activity,” Archives of Sexual Behavior (2009) 38:186.

Wismeijer, A.A. and M.A. Van Assen. “Psychological Characteristics of BDSM Practitioners,” Journal of Sexual Medicine (2013) 10:1943.

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Are BDSM Players Psychologically Healthy?

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04.01.2024

Recently, researchers at several institutions including the University of Northern Illinois surveyed experienced BDSM players to determine how bondage, discipline, and sado-masochism sessions affected them. The kinksters showed no negative effects at all. Instead, they reported a pleasantly altered state of consciousness similar to what people experience during other enjoyable activities — a mindset involving reduced stress, a more positive outlook on life, and increased sexual arousal. The researchers concluded that far from threatening mental health, BDSM actually contributes to it.

The new study is just one of many over the past 25 years to show that BDSM players have no psychological problems unique to their kinky play, and are no more likely than the general population to suffer from psychiatric problems:

BDSM players represent a cross-section of the population—the people next door, mentally healthy and typical in every respect, except that they find conventional sex unfulfilling and want something more exciting and intimate.

No one knows when humanity discovered BDSM, but ancient Greek art depicts what looks like it. In 1905, without research that would be considered mandatory today, Sigmund Freud declared that “sado-masochism” signaled severe neurosis. For more than a century, mental-health professionals agreed. The first edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s bible of mental illness, the Diagnostic and........

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